IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature

• Coral reef monitoring
• Research
• Resilience network
• Ocean fertilisation and other geo-engineering issues

GMPP's programme of activities under this theme include:

• Convening of the Western Gray Whale Advisory Panel;
• Addressing trade in threatened marine species
• Improve shark conservation, particularly through development of National and Regional Plans of Action
• Support to the IUCN Speices Survival Commission (SSC)

• Implementing ecologically sustainable, equitable and efficient energy systems in the marine environment
• Shipping
• Offshore oil and gas
• Aquaculture and mariculture
• Biodiversity offsets
• Greening Blue Energy: Identifying and managing the biodiversity risks and opportunities of offshore renewable energy

GMP's programme of activities on this theme includes work on :

• Fisheries governance
• Certification
• Sustainable Aquaculture
• Illegal Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing
• Corruption in fisheries

• Projects and fieldwork on the detection and management of marine alien invasive species
• Policy work to increase international regulations to manage marine species introductions through the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and the Convention on Biological Diversity

• Work with the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) & Regional Coordinators, in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy, Conservation International, WWF and NOAA/National Marine Sanctuaries
• Development of MPA tools (e.g. MPA managers toolkit and training)
• Research
• Development of MPA networks

GMP's programme of activities under this theme includes work on:

• Legal framework for areas beyond national jurisdiction;
• Sustainable use of the high and deep seas;
• Work through policy channels and institutions to strengthen conservation priorities (UNCLOS, IMO, ISA, UNFSA, CITES, RFMOs, Regional Seas, etc.)
• Marine spatial planning;
• Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) governance
• Southern Ocean and Antarctica
• Marine pollution and ocean dumping

(For fisheries governance issues, please see Fisheries & Aquaculture section)

• Sustainable resource use and management
• Increasing and promoting resilience and adaptive capacity in coastal communities
   

• Enhancing Ecosystem-based Management (EbM) and regional cooperation in the Arctic marine environment
• Identifying ecologically significant or vulnerable areas in the Arctic marine environment
• Enhancing the establishment of networks of MPA in the Southern Ocean
• Strengthening the ecosystem approach within the Antarctic Treaty System
• Advancing appropriate management responses to climate change within the Antarctic Treaty System