|
The IUCN Review of the Southern Okavango Integrated
Water Development
T. Scudder, R.E. Manley, R.K. Davis, J. Green, G.W. Howard, S.W.
Lawry, D. Martz, P.P. Rogers, A.R.D. Taylor, S.D. Turner, G.F. White
and E.P. Wright
In January 1991, the Government of Botswana responded to local
opposition to the implementation of its Southern Okavango Integrated
Water Development Project (SOIWDP). It suspended the project and
asked IUCN to carry out an independent review. IUCN put together
a Review Team of 13 international and regional experts in wetland
management and water resource development. After a mission of seven
months to the Okavango Delta, the team unanimously recommended that
the SOIWDP be terminated. The Final Report was submitted in October
1992. The review offers an alternative for the Okavango planning
region which includes a multisectoral approach, designation for
the Okavango as a pilot area for more decentralised planning, and
increased involvement of national and district governmental, non-governmental,
donor and private sector organisations.
543 pp. ISBN: 2-8317-0114-7, 1993. Price: £10/US$20
Table of Contents
List of Figures
Abbreviations
Preface
Executive Summary
Background
The IUCN Review Team’s Assessment of the Southern Okavango; Integrated
Water Development Project
Introduction
The failure of the SOIWDP to benefit local residents in the lower
delta region and a long the
Boteti:
Hydrology and water resources
Local opposition to the SOIWDP
Other deficiencies
Deficiencies in the SOIWDP planning and design process
The IUCN Preferred Alternative
Introduction
Maun, village water supply and Orapa
The Boteti communities
The Orapa-Letlhakane mining complex
The village sector and Maun
Introduction
Planning for the village sector and Maun
Integrating the economy of rural villages with that of Maun
Gumare and other larger villages
The village sector in relation to wildlife management and tourism
Institutional analysis
Disadvantages of the IUCN Review Team alternative
Investigations and monitoring
International river basins and water transfer
Introduction
The Okavango River System
The Zambezi River System
Chapter One - Introduction
- Nature of the IUCN Southern Okavango Integrated Water Development
Project (SOIWDP) Review Team’s Final Report
- The Southern Okavango Integrated Water Development Project
- The History of the Southern Okavango Integrated Water Development
project
- Origin and Procedures of the IUCN Review Team
Chapter Two - Overview of Ngamiland and Boteti Sub District
Introduction
Habitat
The Okavango River basin
Regional geology and geomorphology
Soils
Climate
River flows
Hydrogeology
Flora and fauna
Human Population
Introduction
Ngamiland
Boteti Sub District
People and Lifestyles
Introduction
Economic activities
Living standards
Administration
Isolation
Chapter Three - Human interventions in the Okavango Delta
and planning region
Introduction
Utilisation by Khoisan and Bantu Speaking People
Interventions by the Colonial Authorities
Post-independence Interventions
Introduction
National Development Plans
Tsetse control, livestock management and tourism
The Tribal Grazing Land Policy, land use planning and the 1986
Wildlife Conservation Policy
Water resource development
Other government policies
Chapter Four - The Southern Okavango Integrated Water Development
Project (SOIWDP)
Introductory Overview
The Failure of the SOIWDP to Benefit Local Residents in the Lower
Delta Region and along the Boteti
Introduction
Impact of the SOIWDP on crop production and livestock management
Impact of the SOIWDP on floodplain (molapo) cultivation
Impact of the SOIWDP on local people: an area by area summary
The Scaling Down of Commercial Irrigation
Hydrology and Water Resources
The SOIWDP proposals
Data
Evapotranspiration
River flow
Reservoir model
Calculation of the effects of dredging;
Losses from Maun Reservoir;
Combined effects
Other hydrological considerations
Local Opposition to the SOIWDP
The extent of local opposition
The validity of local opposition
Other Deficiencies
Economic analysis: over-estimation of benefits and under-estimation
of costs
Compensation and resettlement
Impact of the SOIWDP on natural resources
Physical Works
Deficiencies in the DOIWDP Planning and Design Process;
Chapter Five - The "No Project" alternative to
the SOIWDP
Introduction
Maun Water Supply
Orapa Water Supply
Irrigation
Tourism
Molapo
Wildlife
Water Supply in Riparian Areas
Lake Ngami; Fisheries
The Vulnerability of the Okavango Delta With or Without the Project
Conclusions
Chapter Six - The IUCN preferred Alternative
Introduction
The Groundwater Option: Maun, Village Water Supply and Orapa
Introduction
Maun
Conjunctive use
System design
Components of conjunctive use scheme
Costing philosophy
Design and cost parameters
Cost summary
Comparison of conjuntive use and the SOIWDP
The riverine communities
The Orapa-letlhakane mining complex
The Village Sector and Maun
Introduction
Population trends in the village sector
The nature of the economy of small rural settlements
Planning for the village sector and Maun
Integrating the economy of rural villages with that of Maun
Gumare and other larger villages
Increasing production and living standards within rural communities
The village sector in relationship to wildlife management and
tourism
The village sector: summary and new initiatives
Tourism as the Major Growth Industry within the Okavango Region
Introduction
The nature and organization of the industry
Employment trends
The economic value of tourism in the delta
Summary
Institutional Analysis
Disadvantages of the IUCN Review Team Alternative
Introduction
Investigations
Institutions
The Lower Boteti and Boteti Sub District
Investigations and Monitoring
Aims
Investigations required for assessing feasibility of the IUCN
alternative
Research proposals for more general investigations
Monitoring and investigation relating to existing and possible
development interventions:
Chapter Seven - International river basin and water transfer
Introduction
Interbasin Transfers in Southern Africa
The Hydrology of Southern Africa
The Okavango River System
The Zambezi River System
Current and proposed extractions from the Zambezi
Who controls Zambezi waters?
Is the water there?
ZACPLAN
Conclusions and Recommendations
Annex A - Hydrology
Difficulties and Dangers of Modelling Unstable Systems
Introduction
Choice of model
Some desired attributes of models
Flow Paths within the Okavango Delta: 1850 - 1992
Introduction
The delta as at the middle of the 19th century, the delta as at
1922
The delta in 1992
Summary.
Hydrology and Hydrologic Modelling
Introduction
The Okavango River Basin
The delta of the Okavango
Hydrological Model of the Delta
Introduction
The area/volume relationship
Cell discharge
Water balance
Calibration
Programming fo the models
Accuracy of simulation
Reservoir Systems Model Review
Introduction
System models
Performance of the models
Analysis of results
Sensitivity testing and analysis of alternatives
System operation
Calculation of the effects of dredging
Losses from Maun Reservoir
Reservoir area
Review of reservoir simulation for the SOIWDP
Combined effects
Conclusions
Other Hydrological Considerations
River loss model
Sukwane Reservoir as a game barrier
Releases to Lake Ngami
Overall Conclusions
Data
Hydrological modelling
Water resources modelling
Annex B - Evaluation of the hydraulic model of the Lower
Boro River Improvement Works
Introduction
Analysis and Observations
Summary and Conclusions
Annex C - Hydrogeology
Introduction
Regional Geology and Geomorphology
Surface Water
Regional Hydrogeology;
Northwest unit
Central unit
Southeast unit
Recharge and Groundwater Flow
Water Resources
Ngamiland Water Point Survey
The SMEC Proposals: Detailed Discussion
General Riparian Use
The Boteti River
Stable Isotopes of Thamalakane and Boteti Valley Surface and Groundwaters
Orapa water Supply
Conclusions
Annex D - Environmental aspects
Livestock Management and the Issue of Land Degradation
Malaria and Schistosomiasis
Faunal Inventories
Annex E - Socio-economic analysis
The IUCN Review Team’s Analysis of NDP 7
Okavango Region Demography The Impact of the SOIWDP on Local People
Compensation
Arable Lands Development Programme
Irrigation
The Thaoge River Project
Tourism
Reeds (Phragmites australis)
Appendix I - 1991 IUCN and Government of Botswana Memorandum
of Understanding and Terms of Reference
Appendix II - The IUCN Review Team: Résumés
of members
Appendix III - 1985 Terms of Reference for the Southern
Okavango Integrated Water Development Project Phase I
Bibliography
|
