The full range of economic, social and environmental costs and benefi ts of large scale mining (LSM) and artisanal and small scale mining (ASM) remain unclear in Karamoja. This study aims to conduct an economic, social and environmental cost-benefit analysis of LSM and ASM in the region, with a view to helping inform policy makers, civil society, mining companies, and development agencies on best bet policy, legal, regulatory, investment and environmental frameworks for responsible and equitable mining.