Seamounts are underwater mountains of volcanic origin that rise from the seafloor. Regarded as hotspots of biological diversity in the ocean, seamounts serve as spawning sites for many species. Marine mammals such as whales and dolphins and large predators such as sharks rely on them to feed and rest during migrations. Thanks to their isolation, seamounts can exhibit high levels of biological endemism, which means that many species that occur in or around seamounts cannot be found anywhere else on the planet.

However, many aspects of seamounts are poorly understood: fewer than 300 out of 200,000 existing seamounts have been explored so far.

Seamounts are mostly found in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) – areas covered by fragmented legal frameworks which leave their biodiversity vulnerable to growing threats. Discussions to fill these legal gaps by creating an implementing agreement to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) are currently underway.

Seamounts play an important and only partially understood role in marine ecosystems, extending well beyond the seamounts themselves. Damage to seamounts and their overexploitation can have widespread consequences on ocean health, food security, medicine and other benefits that oceans provide to humans. Inversely, their conservation can help advance towards several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including SDG2 – to end hunger and achieve food security, and SDG14 – to conserve and sustainably use the oceans.

Two-thirds of fish stocks in areas beyond national jurisdiction are being fished beyond sustainable limits and this is also affecting fish yields in exclusive economic zones (EEZs) – zones in which states have sovereign rights and duties related to the use and management of natural resources. Overfishing in the oceans threatens global food security as it disrupts marine communities and creates an imbalance between species, with commercially-important fishes unable to replenish their stocks.

The high level of biological endemism of seamount ecosystems and the fact that seamounts remain largely unexplored mean that they may contain new genetic resources that could be used to develop new medicines.

Threats to seamounts and their associated biodiversity need to be taken into account in the development of schemes aimed at conserving marine biodiversity in ABNJ.

Improving global governance of ABNJ: The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) sets out the obligations of States to protect, conserve and manage the ocean, including ABNJ. However, it does not create comprehensive means for ensuring conservation, leaving most activities largely unchecked. Negotiations are underway to create an Implementing Agreement to UNCLOS, which would help close the existing ABNJ governance gap. 

The agreement would complement existing regional and sectoral conservation measures by creating a set of common principles, criteria and standards. It would also help ensure the coordination of the various sectoral and regional bodies involved in ABNJ, and adopt mechanisms to establish globally recognised marine protected areas. A clear set of rules for sample sharing and use of genetic resources derived from ABNJ, promoting transparency and the involvement of users from all countries, is also needed.

• Global Marine and Polar Programme
• Seamount conservation 
• Expedition to the Walters Shoal seamount