Deer are a unique group of mammals recognised for their grace and beauty. Some are also prime examples of flagship species, whose continued survival sustains the complex interplay of flora and fauna. Today many species are under threat of extinction. This action plan, aimed at range country biologists, academics and students, state and federal employees of wildlife, protected area and environmental agencies as well as non-governmental conservation organisations has three main objectives: to identify the status and distribution of threatened species of deer and propose action for their conservation; outline scientific methods for obtaining information about the status of poorly known populations; and list conservation priorities for deer in each of the range countries